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@@ -6,6 +6,33 @@ author: Joe Carstairs
## 2026-04-24
+### @{oxford-handbook-apocalyptic}
+
+A useful reference, worth coming back to if I want to investigate particular
+topics in recent-ish biblical scholarship on apocalyptic.
+
+Friesen gave a helpful overview of recent Revelation scholarship. Between 1970
+and 1990, biblical scholarships came to agree that Revelation was written in the
+later part of Domitian's reign; that it was primarily written to address
+internal conflict, not external persecution; and that John replicates imperial
+ideology in some way, although scholars disagreed whether he replicates in order
+to reinscribe (Carey, Moore, Pipin) or to subvert (Fiorenza, Thompson, et alia).
+Revelation was increasingly interpreted through the concept 'empire' from 1990.
+Esler argued that recent Revelation scholarship has suffered from a myopic focus
+on empire, which has obscured many apocalypses' real concerns, which are often
+ethnic, in his view.
+
+Esler argued that John's rhetoric around magic functions to strengthen the
+distinct community identity of his audience, building on Elliot 1984, who argued
+that he responded to contemporary fears of _pharmakeia_ by accusing Rome of
+sorcery and showing that God had the best magic.
+
+Carey observed that John, like other apocalypticists, uses the form (direct divine revelation) to generate authority, but like other apocalypticists, he also generates authority by admitting his personal weakness and identifying with his audience.
+
+Carey also observed that the Lion of Judah is announced, then appears as a Lamb,
+implying that the Lamb conquers not by devouring his enemies but by his
+suffering witness.
+
### @{goldstein-2024}
Goldstein argues that right-wing people have labelled the climate movement